The Original Pancake®
Compact Air Cylinder
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
Square Pancake® II
Interchangeable Compact Air Cylinders
Square Pancake® II
Features
- Available in a wide range of sizes
- Standard: Seven bore sizes from ¾ to 2 inches and strokes to 4 inches
- SND Series: Four bore sizes from ¾ to 2 inches and strokes to 4 inches
- Self-lubricating composite body
- Clear anodized aluminum alloy heads
- Stainless steel tie bolts
- Rod Bushing
- Standard: composite
- SND Series: bronze
- Prelubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Chrome-plated stainless steel piston rods
- Rod end toolbar (SND Series)
- Air service to 200 psi
- Minimum Recommended Operating Pressure: 15 psi
- Temperature Ratings
- cylinder: -25° to +225° F (-32° to + 121° C)
- electronic sensors: -4° to +176° F (-20° to + 80° C)
- Internally lubricated Buna-N seals
- Many options available
- Magnetic piston sensing available
Technical Advantages
- Interchangeable composite cylinder barrel with stainless steel tie bolts and aluminum spacers that lock precision machined heads tightly into place.
- High-strength high performance composite resists corrosion, moisture and temperatures up to 325° F, while offering a high load capacity and very little friction.
- High impact resistance, minimizing failure caused by dings and dents.
- Self-lubricating cylinder wall ensures high performance thanks to a smooth interior with low coefficient of friction to minimize heat buildup, eliminate stick-slip and extend seal life.
- The hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod ensures long cylinder life.
- The high performance composite piston rod bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: Over the cylinder’s cycle life, the composite bearing — which carries 60,000 psi — polishes the hard chrome-plated shaft.
- Magnalube G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates across a wide temperature range.
- Buna-N O-rings are internally pre-lubed with Magnalube-G as standard. U-cup seals are also available.
Choose your option
PFA Series
PFA Series
Position Feedback Cylinders
The PFA Series is an economical
pneumatic linear actuator that contains
an internal Linear Resistive Transducer
(LRT). It is ideal for applications where
traditional magnetic position sensing is
not acceptable. Additionally, the PFA
Series is conducive where variations in
cylinder stroke and speed are required
or where an application calls for
continuous position monitoring.
• Operating pressure: 150 psi max.
• Recommended Media: Filtered, clean,
dry “non-condensing” compressed air.
Do not apply any fluids that may be
electrically conductive. Water-based
fluids should not be used.
Choose your option
PSD-1
Compact Air Cylinder - 1/2" Bore
Single Rod, Double Acting
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PSD-2
Compact Air Cylinder - 3/4" Bore
Single Rod, Double Acting
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PSD-3
Compact Air Cylinder - 1 1/16" Bore
Single Rod, Double Acting
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PSD-4
Compact Air Cylinder - 1 1/2" Bore
Single Rod, Double Acting
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PSD-5
Compact Air Cylinder - 2" Bore
Single Rod, Double Acting
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PSD-6
Compact Air Cylinder - 2 1/2" Bore
Single Rod, Double Acting
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PSD-7
Compact Air Cylinder - 3" Bore
Single Rod, Double Acting
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PSD-8
Compact Air Cylinder - 4" Bore
Single Rod, Double Acting
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PSR-1
Compact Air Cylinder - 1/2" Bore
Single Rod, Single Acting Acting,
Spring Retract (Model S Only)
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PSR-2
Compact Air Cylinder - 3/4" Bore
Single Rod, Single Acting Acting,
Spring Retract (Model S Only)
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PSR-3
Compact Air Cylinder - 1 1/16" Bore
Single Rod, Single Acting Acting,
Spring Retract (Model S Only)
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PSR-4
Compact Air Cylinder - 1 1/2" Bore
Single Rod, Single Acting Acting,
Spring Retract (Model S Only)
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PSR-5
Compact Air Cylinder - 2" Bore
Single Rod, Single Acting Acting,
Spring Retract (Model S Only)
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PSR-6
Compact Air Cylinder - 2 1/2" Bore
Single Rod, Single Acting Acting,
Spring Retract (Model S Only)
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PSR-7
Compact Air Cylinder - 3" Bore
Single Rod, Single Acting Acting,
Spring Retract (Model S Only)
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PSR-8
Compact Air Cylinder - 4" Bore
Single Rod, Single Acting Acting,
Spring Retract (Model S Only)
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PSX-1
Compact Air Cylinder - 1/2" Bore
Single Rod, Single Acting Acting,
Spring Extend (Model S Only)
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PSX-2
Compact Air Cylinder - 3/4" Bore
Single Rod, Single Acting Acting,
Spring Extend (Model S Only)
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PSX-3
Compact Air Cylinder - 1 1/16" Bore
Single Rod, Single Acting Acting,
Spring Extend (Model S Only)
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PSX-4
Compact Air Cylinder - 1 1/2" Bore
Single Rod, Single Acting Acting,
Spring Extend (Model S Only)
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PSX-5
Compact Air Cylinder - 2" Bore
Single Rod, Single Acting Acting,
Spring Extend (Model S Only)
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PSX-6
Compact Air Cylinder - 2 1/2" Bore
Single Rod, Single Acting Acting,
Spring Extend (Model S Only)
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PSX-7
Compact Air Cylinder - 3" Bore
Single Rod, Single Acting Acting,
Spring Extend (Model S Only)
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PSX-8
Compact Air Cylinder - 4" Bore
Single Rod, Single Acting Acting,
Spring Extend (Model S Only)
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PWD-1
Compact Air Cylinder - 1/2" Bore
Double Rod, Double Acting
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PWD-2
Compact Air Cylinder - 3/4" Bore
Double Rod, Double Acting
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PWD-3
Compact Air Cylinder - 1 1/16" Bore
Double Rod, Double Acting
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PWD-4
Compact Air Cylinder - 1 1/2" Bore
Double Rod, Double Acting
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PWD-5
Compact Air Cylinder - 2" Bore
Double Rod, Double Acting
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PWD-6
Compact Air Cylinder - 2 1/2" Bore
Double Rod, Double Acting
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PWD-7
Compact Air Cylinder - 3" Bore
Double Rod, Double Acting
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PWD-8
Compact Air Cylinder - 4" Bore
Double Rod, Double Acting
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.
Choose your option
PTD-1
Compact Air Cylinder - 1/2" Bore
Double Rod Hole Through, Double Acting
Original Pancake®
Features
- Available in eight bore sizes: ½, ¾, 1 ⅛, 1 ⅝, 2, 2 ½, 3 and 4 inches
- Standard stroke lengths up to 4 inches
- Pressure rated to 250 psi pneumatic and 500 psi hydraulic service
- Heavy wall to protect the bore from damage
- Clear anodized cylinder bodies: clean, attractive appearance and corrosion resistance
- Hard chrome-plated stainless steel piston rod adds longevity to the cylinder
- Cylinders pre-lubed with Magnalube-G® grease
- Magnetic piston option available for cylinder position sensing
- Standard options and custom designs available
- Numerous mounting options
- Dial-A-Stroke® precision configuration for the end stroke
Technical Advantages
- The cylinder bodies and bores are machined simultaneously from high-quality, solid aluminum bar stock resulting in excellent bore concentricity, plus high strength, rigidity and piston rod support.
- The rod bushing — one of the air cylinder’s primary load bearing points — is made from a high-performance composite material for greater strength.
- The piston bearing and shaft work together to ensure high reliability: The composite bearing polishes the 303 stainless steel shaft while minimizing o-ring wear to provide longer shaft life and a long-lasting seal.
- Magnalube-G® Teflon-impregnated grease provides a long operating life and lubricates at a wide temperature range.